Method for inducing tumor regression

ABSTRACT

Methods for treating cancer and/or inducing tumor regression in mammals (e.g., humans) by increasing the metabolism of the mammal, administering a BA dye to the mammal, and thereafter exposing the tumor to actinic light for activation of the BA dye.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation application of U.S. application Ser.No. 17/030,068, filed Sep. 23, 2020 and claims the benefit of priorityto U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/904,430, filed on Sep. 23, 2019,the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to methods for treating cancer in a subject(e.g., an animal such as a human) in need thereof. In particular, thedisclosure relates to methods for inducing malignant tumor regression.

BACKGROUND

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a technique useful for the treatment ofcancer, in tumor-bearing organisms (e.g., animals including humans). PDTgenerally involves the systemic administration of a light-absorbingcompound (i.e., a photosensitizer) to a tumor-bearing organism thatsequesters within the tumor cell mass, followed by irradiation of thephotosensitizer-laden tumor mass with light of an appropriate wavelength(i.e., in the therapeutic window of wavelengths between 600 to 700 nm,actinic light). This irradiation transfers energy to the photosensitizerin a manner that causes its conversion into a phototoxin (i.e., theexcited state of the photosensitizer). The phototoxin is then able tochemically interact with surrounding molecules and alter them, e.g., viaoxidation-reduction reactions or via the transfer of its energy tonearby oxygen, to generate singlet (excited state) oxygen. In turn, thesinglet oxygen transfers its energy to surrounding molecules, damagingand/or degrading them. This damage from either of oxidation-reductionreactions or singlet oxygen energy transfer reactions impairs cellularorganization and/or function, and thus reduces the viability of the(tumor) cell in which the phototoxin is present.

A particular class of photosensitizers, the benzophenoxazinium,benzophenothiazinium, and benzophenoselenazinium dyes, and theiranalogs/families/derivatives (collectively referred to as “BAs”),possess several properties that make them favorable for use as effectivePDT photosensitizers. These properties include, e.g., a positivedelocalized charge, high efficiency for absorbing light with awavelength >600 nm (correlating with the light wavelengths in the“therapeutic window”), rapid absorption within a tumor cell mass, andability to directly kill tumor cells (instead of only inflictingindirect damage, e.g., to the vasculature of and/or surrounding thetumor). See, e.g., Cincotta et al., PhotoChem PhotoBiol 46:751-758,1987; Cincotta et al., Cancer Res 53:2571-2580, 1993; Cincotta et al.,Cancer Res 54:1249-1258, 1994; U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,197; and 5,952,329for further description of BAs-additional examples of BA dyes aredescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,962,97, and all of the forgoing patents andreferences are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

Further, BAs can undergo specific reactions within tumor cells andnormal cells (including, e.g., different reactions within tumor versusnormal cells) that influence their ability to absorb light in thetherapeutic window. BAs can exist in, and reversibly transition between,an active cationic form (where they are able to absorb light in thetherapeutic window and thus induce phototoxin production) and a neutralor reduced inactive form (where they are unable to absorb light in thetherapeutic window). The main mechanisms involved in the inactivation ofthe BAs (rendering them unable to absorb light in the therapeuticwindow) are deprotonation based upon the pH of the environment(deprotonation in basic environment) and/or reduction of the BAs(particularly in the presence of a low oxygen concentration), inducedfor example by either cellular enzymatic processes, biochemicalprocesses, and/or light (e.g., prolonged exposure to high-intensitylight). The phototoxicity of the BAs also depends upon the intracellularlocation of the BAs, which is also a function of (and influences) theirredox or protonation state. Therefore, the reactivity of the BAs tofunction as optimal PDT agents for cancer therapy depends upon theirstructure and chemical state within the tumor cell as well as thecellular biochemical environment within which they exist. For any givenBA, a goal of PDT using these agents is to create a local intracellularenvironment that potentiates the appropriate level of photoactive(cationic) form of the BA at the time of photo-irradiation in a cellularlocation that most favorably facilitates cell killing and ultimate tumoreradication. This mechanism of BA-PDT directed tumor eradication mayinclude and/or involve the appropriate stimulation of anti-tumor immuneresponses.

But tumor eradication with BA-PDT also involves more than just thedirect photoactive reaction of light with the BA and resultant cellkilling. Indeed, shortly following a PDT “event” (defined as irradiationof the tumor mass following the administration of one or more BAs), muchof the tumor mass generally can remain intact and viable. However,during the ensuing days following the BA-PDT, the tumor mass can shrinkand on certain occasions become completely resolved. This processinvolves the BA-PDT-initiated activation of a complex, innate andadaptive immune response against BA-PDT-treated tumor cells and,subsequently, tumor cells not directly affected by the BA-PDT. Thisimmune-induced destruction of tumor cells is termed immunogenic celldeath (See, e.g., Hendrzak-Henion et al., PhotoChem PhotoBiol69:575-582, 1999).

While the direct effect of BA-PDT combined with its indirect, long-termimmunogenic effect can produce reductions in tumor mass and may evenresult in tumor eradication in certain cases, the rate of sucheradications (complete tumor response) has been and is generally bothlow and highly variable, both within a particular tumor type as well asbetween different tumor types. BA-PDT induced rates of eradication ofimmunogenic tumors can, e.g., vary from about 0% to about 40-60% withina given tumor type in a given species. Similarly, BA-PDT rates oferadication can vary between different tumor types in a given species,e.g., again generally from about 0% to about 40%. Rates of eradicationof non-immunogenic tumors, although originally thought to be similar tothat of immunogenic tumors, upon further investigation have been foundto be generally much lower if at all however. This is a problem foreffective treatment with BA-PDT in that many human tumor types aregenerally non-immunogenic, defined as a tumor type that does not elicita strong immune response against the tumor that can potentially resultin retardation or halt of tumor growth or tumor eradication. Responsesto such BA-PDT treatments vary depending upon the method of presentationof the BA to the body (i.e., pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) aswell as the whole body and tumor metabolic status at the time of BA-PDTtreatment.

Therefore, what is needed is a method providing a consistent and higheradication rate or similar successful tumor treatment rate (i.e.,long-term remission post-treatment, long-term stasis post-treatment,reduced tumor growth rate post-treatment, or tumor free for a definedextended period of time post-treatment) for the treatment of tumors,particularly non-immunogenic tumors.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure provides methods for treating cancer and/orinducing tumor regression in animals (e.g., humans) usingmetabolism-altering method(s) in conjunction with photodynamic therapy(e.g., PDT or BA-PDT)

The method includes the steps of increasing the metabolic activity levelof a subject having a malignant tumor, and more specifically metabolicactivity of the tumor which includes the host cells within the tumormass. This tumor mass includes non-tumor cells. These non-tumor cellsinclude fibroblasts, immunocytes, and other cell types within thesubject. The metabolic activity of these cells is increased to a levelabove the basal metabolic activity level of the tumor or the subject, aBA dye is administered to the subject, and thereafter the tumor isexposed to actinic light for the BA dye. It is well established in thescientific and medical literature that providing metabolic substrates(human body fuel such as glucose, lipid, glutamine, amino acids) to anindividual increases the metabolic activity of the individual andpresentation of such materials to tumor cells of an individual increasestheir metabolic rate and enhances or promotes tumor growth, metastaticpotential, and lethality and that excess consumption of high energysugar or fat fuels should be avoided when combating cancer.Consequently, it is a general procedure to limit such fuels to the bodyand tumor to inhibit its growth rate. However, it has now surprisinglybeen found that the efficacy of BA-PDT therapy is significantly improvedby increasing the metabolic activity level of a subject to a level abovethe subject's basal metabolic activity level prior to administration ofBA-PDT therapy. The method disclosed herein is contrary to and theopposite of this well-established cause-effect relationship betweenincreased level of fuel supply the body and the tumor, and the increaseddegree of tumor growth. Thus the disclosed method increases high energyfuel supply to the body, and the tumor (in conjunction with BA-PDTtherapy) in order to inhibit (not promote) tumor growth.

In one embodiment the method includes the steps of increasing themetabolic activity level (e.g., rate of glucose, carbohydrate, lipid,amino acid, or protein production or utilization [anabolism orcatabolism] that consumes or generates energy) of a subject having amalignant tumor to a level that is at least 10% above the basalmetabolic activity level, administering a BA dye to the subject, andthereafter exposing the tumor to actinic light for the BA dye.

In another embodiment the method includes the steps of increasing themetabolic activity level (e.g., rate of glucose, carbohydrate, lipid,amino acid, or protein production or utilization) of the tumor of asubject having a malignant tumor to a level that is at least 10% abovethe basal metabolic activity level of the tumor of the subject,administering a BA dye to the subject, and thereafter exposing the tumorto actinic light for the BA dye.

In another embodiment the method includes the steps of raising thesubject's plasma glucose and/or glutamine level by more than 10% abovethe subjects basal glucose and/or glutamine level, administering a BAdye to the subject, and thereafter exposing the tumor to actinic lightfor the BA dye.

In another embodiment the method includes the steps of raising thesubject's plasma glucose and/or glutamine level and plasma insulin levelby more than 10% above the subjects basal plasma glucose and/orglutamine level and plasma insulin level, administering a BA dye to thesubject, and thereafter exposing the tumor to actinic light for the BAdye.

In another embodiment, the method includes the step of increasing theplasma glucose level of the subject by administering one or morehyperglycemic agents to the subject.

In another aspect, the method of treating a tumor includes the steps ofincreasing the plasma level of ketone, lactate, lipid, glutamine, and/orfree fatty acid (FFA) of a subject in need of such treatment to a levelabove the basal ketone, lactate, lipid, glutamine, and/or free fattyacid (FFA) plasma level, respectively with or without increasing theplasma insulin level by at least 10% above basal level of the subject,administering at least one BA to the subject, and thereafter exposingthe tumor to actinic light for the BA.

In another embodiment, the method includes the steps of administering BAdyes to a subject, comprising intravenously infusing into the subject aBA solution in a volume equal to between about one-tenth and one-thirdof the total blood volume of the subject at a rate that creates a plasmaBA T_(max) within about 360 minutes, preferably 240 minutes followingtermination of infusion, and a plasma level of less than about 50% ofthe T_(max) level between about 30-360 minutes, preferably about 30-240minutes following the T_(max) time.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials aredescribed herein for use in the present invention; other, suitablemethods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials,methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to belimiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences,database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporatedby reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the presentspecification, including definitions, will control.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from thefollowing detailed description, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a chart illustrating the in vivo anti-tumor effect of HamsterPancreatic Cancer Metabolic Modulation plus BA-PDT at 11.25 mg/kg at 270mW^(˜)J/cm² at 5 hours after BA infusion and sacrificed 28 days later.

FIG. 2 is a chart illustrating the anti-tumor effect of in vivo HamsterPancreatic Cancer Metabolic Modulation plus BA-PDT at 11.25 mg/kg at 270mW^(˜)J/cm² at 2.5 hours after BA infusion treatment and sacrificed 7days late

FIG. 3 is a chart illustrating the anti-tumor effect of in vivo HamsterPancreatic Cancer Metabolic Modulation plus BA-PDT at 11.25 mg/kg at 130mW^(˜)J/cm² at 5 hours after BA infusion treatment and sacrificed 21days later.

FIG. 4 is a chart illustrating the anti-tumor effect of in vivo HamsterPancreatic Cancer Metabolic Modulation plus BA-PDT at 11.25 mg/kg at 130mW^(˜)J/cm² at 5 hours after BA infusion treatment and sacrificed 21days later.

FIG. 5 is a chart illustrating the anti-tumor effect of in vivo HamsterPancreatic Cancer Metabolic Modulation plus BA-PDT at 11.25 mg/kg at 130mW^(˜)J/cm² at 5 hours after BA infusion treatment and sacrificed 21days later.

FIG. 6 is a chart a chart illustrating the anti-tumor effect of in vivoHamster Pancreatic Cancer Metabolic Modulation plus NeuroendocrineResetting Therapy plus BA-PDT at 11.25 mg/kg at 130 mW^(˜)J/cm² at 5hours after BA infusion treatment and sacrificed 34 days later.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used herein, the terms “about” and “approximately” are defined asbeing within plus or minus (±) 10% of a given value or state, preferablywithin ±5% of said value or state.

The terms “tumor”, “tumor mass, and “solid tumor,” as used herein, referto an abnormal tissue growth or mass (i.e., a neoplasm) comprising cellshaving one or more mutations and supportive cells (e.g., non-cancerousstromal cells surrounding the mutated cancer cells). Tumors can be,e.g., benign, in situ, and/or malignant. A “cancer,” as used herein,refers to one or more malignant tumors. Tumor types treatable by thecurrent invention include tumors of endodermal, mesodermal, andectodermal tissue origins and a non-limiting list of treatable tumorsincludes tumors of the brain, colon, breast, pancreas, lung, prostate,muscle, liver, lymphomas, and blood (e.g., leukemias).

The term “basal level” as used herein refers to the stable concentrationof a test substance following an overnight fast of the test substancee.g. glucose, glutamate, insulin, or other humoral factors, in thesubject's plasma or measures of subject or tumor metabolic rate oractivity prior to treatment with the methods disclosed herein.

The terms “effective amount” and “effective to treat,” as used herein,refer to an amount or a concentration of one or more compounds or apharmaceutical composition described herein utilized for a period oftime (including acute or chronic administration and periodic orcontinuous administration) that is effective within the context of itsadministration for causing an intended effect or physiological outcome(e.g., treatment of cancer).

It has now surprisingly been found that the tumor eradicationrate/treatment efficacy of PDT can be significantly enhanced/increasedby combining PDT (e.g., BA-PDT) with one or more metabolism-alteringtechniques (i.e., methods that alter the metabolic state (increasemetabolic activity) of the tumor mass and optionally increase themetabolic activity of distant normal tissue (e.g. increasing thesubject's metabolic activity) as described herein below. Whenco-administered with PDT, the metabolism-altering methods disclosedherein increase both the phototoxic and the immunogenic effectiveness ofthe BA-PDT (MetabBA-PDT) and increases the anti-tumor effect. The methodcan be used to treat mammals (including, e.g., animals and humans) inneed of tumor treatment (reduction in or eradication of tumor mass).

The method comprises increasing the subject's whole body metabolicactivity and/or tumor growth promoting metabolism (increasing, e.g.,whole body or tumor glycolysis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation,and/or energy production and/or utilization for subsequent anabolicand/or catabolic processes) by any of a variety of methods includingincreasing the metabolic fuel supply to the body and/or tumor, followedby administration of BA-PDT. This is a unique, counterintuitive approachto tumor/cancer treatment and eradication inasmuch as one skilled in theart would be disposed against increasing metabolic activity in cancercells with nutrients that are well established to support their growthas a means of destroying such cells. In fact, a general practice inoncology is to alter the nutrition of the subject in a manner to reducethe sugar and lipid content of the diet in order to reduce tumormetabolism and thereby retard tumor growth (i.e., to starve the tumor).Conversely, however, in the context of the present treatment, anincrease in tumor (cancer cell and surrounding normal stromal cellmicroenvironment) metabolic activity potentiates the effectiveness ofthe subsequent BA-PDT to produce an interactive and robust destructionof tumor tissue (i.e., a potent anti-tumor response). Increasing themetabolic activity of the or tumor (with or without increasing themetabolic activity of the body), when combined with BA-PDT, allows foran enhanced antitumor therapeutic effect.

For example, the method comprises increasing the subject's basal plasmaglucose and/or glutamine level by any means (e.g., by at least 10, 15,20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%) above the basal level for a period oftime, followed by administering BA-PDT treatment to the subject(hereinafter the Glu-BA-PDT method). Moreover, the increased plasmaglucose and/or glutamine level can be present prior to, or concurrentwith, the administration of one or more BAs or after the administrationof one or more BAs and can extend up to (i.e., be sustained at leastuntil) a PDT event (photoirradiation) comprising exposure to an actiniclight source (which is generally administered at a time between 30minutes to 24 hours after BA administration). The time period duringwhich the subject's plasma glucose or glutamine level is increased overthe subject's basal level of these constituents can start beforeadministration of the BAs (for example within 24 hours before) or later(i.e., after the BA has been administered but before photoirradiation)and/or extend later (i.e., after photoirradiation). For example, thesubject's plasma glucose or glutamine level can be increased over thebasal level of such constituents by any means (e.g., increased by atleast 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50% above the basal level)starting at any time point beginning at least at about 180 minutesbefore the administration of one or more BAs and extending to the timeof photoirradiation. For example, in one embodiment, the increasedplasma glucose or glutamine level can extend at least to (i.e., besustained at least until) 180 minutes after the PDT event (exposure ofthe tumor to actinic light). For example, in some embodiments, thesubject's plasma glucose or glutamine level can be increased by anymeans (e.g., by at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%) abovethe basal level starting seven days before the administration of one ormore BAs and extending to (i.e., maintained at the increased leveluntil) 48 hours after photoirradiation. In other words, the window inwhich the plasma glucose or glutamine level increase should be initiatedbegins about 7 days prior to administration of the BA and extends untilabout 10 minutes prior to photoirradiation and such increased level ismaintained at least until photoirradiation. Preferably, the subject'splasma glucose and/or glutamine level can be increased for a time periodbeginning between about 24 hours before BA administration orphotoirradiation and the increased metabolic level maintained until atleast the time of photoirradiation, and optionally maintained for sometime thereafter, e.g. up to 24 hours after photoirradiation.

Alternately or in addition, the method comprises increasing the plasmalactate, ketone (e.g., alpha ketobutyrate), lipid, and/or free fattyacid (FFA) level of the subject by any means (e.g., by at least 10, 15,20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%) above the basal level for a period oftime followed by administering BA-PDT to the subject (hereinafter theFFA-BA-PDT method). Moreover, the increased the plasma lactate, ketone(e.g., alpha ketobutyrate), lipid, and/or free fatty acid (FFA) levelcan be initiated prior to, or concurrent with the administration of oneor more BAs or after the administration of one or more BAs, and canextend up to (i.e., be sustained at least until) a PDT event comprisingexposure to an actinic light source (which is generally administered ata time between 30 minutes to 24 hours after BA administration). The timeperiod during which the subject's plasma lactate, ketone (e.g., alphaketobutyrate), lipid, and/or free fatty acid (FFA) level is increasedover the subject's basal level of these constituents can start muchearlier before the administration of the BAs (for example within 24hours before) or later (i.e., after the BA has been administered butbefore photoirradiation) and/or extend later (i.e., afterphotoirradiation). For example, in one embodiment, the subject's plasmalactate, ketone (e.g., alpha ketobutyrate), lipid, and/or free fattyacid (FFA) level can be increased over the basal level of suchconstituents by any means (e.g., increased by at least 10, 15, 20, 25,30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%) above the basal level starting at any time pointbeginning at least 120 minutes, and up to 24 hours, before theadministration of one or more BAs and such starting point extending upto 30 minutes before the time of photoirradiation. For example, in someembodiments, the increased plasma lactate, ketone (e.g., alphaketobutyrate), lipid, and/or free fatty acid (FFA) level can extend atleast to (i.e., be sustained at least until) 180 minutes after the PDTevent (exposure of the tumor to actinic light). For example, thesubject's plasma lactate, ketone (e.g., alpha ketobutyrate), lipid,and/or free fatty acid (FFA) level can be increased by any means (e.g.,by at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%) above the basallevel starting within seven days before the administration of one ormore BAs and extending the increased level (i.e., maintained at theincreased level until) for as long as up and optionally 48 hours afterthe PDT event (photoirradiation). In other words, the window in whichthe plasma lactate, lipid or FFA level increase should be initiatedbegins about 7 days prior to administration of the BA and extends untilabout 10 minutes prior to photoirradiation and such increased levelsshould be maintained until at least photoirradiation. Preferably, thesubject's plasma lactate, ketone (e.g., alpha ketobutyrate), lipid,and/or free fatty acid (FFA) level can be increased for a time periodbeginning between about 24 hours before BA administration and at least10 minutes before the time of irradiation and optionally maintained atleast until the photoirradiation.

Alternately or in addition, the method comprises increasing plasmainsulin (e.g., by at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%) abovethe subjects basal plasma insulin level for a period of time(hereinafter the “enhanced activity period”) followed by BA-PDTtreatment (I-BA-PDT). Moreover, the enhanced activity period can beinitiated prior to or concurrent with the administration of one or moreBAs or after the administration of one or more BAs and can extend up to(i.e., be sustained at least until) a PDT event comprising exposure toan actinic light source (which is generally administered at a timebetween 30 minutes to 24 hours after BA administration). The time periodduring which the subject's plasma insulin level is increased over thesubject's basal level of these constituents can start much earlierbefore the administration of the BAs (for example within 12 hoursbefore) or later (i.e., after the BA has been administered but beforephotoirradiation) and/or extend later (i.e., after photoirradiation).For example, in one embodiment, the subject's plasma insulin level canbe increased above the basal level by any means (e.g., increased by atleast 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%) starting at any time pointbeginning at least 30 before the administration of one or more BAs andextending to the time of photoirradiation. For example, the increasedplasma insulin level can extend at least to (i.e., be sustained at leastuntil) 180 minutes after the PDT event (exposure of the tumor to actiniclight). For example, the subject's plasma insulin level can be increasedby any means (e.g., by at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%)above the basal level starting 12 hours before the administration of oneor more BAs and extending to (i.e., maintained at the increased leveluntil) 180 minutes after the PDT event. Preferably, the subject's plasmainsulin level can be increased beginning at any time point between aboutseven days (preferably 24 hours) before BA administration and 10 minutesbefore the time of irradiation. In other words, the window in which theplasma insulin level increase should be initiated begins about 7 daysprior to administration of the BA and extends until about 10 minutesprior to photoirradiation and such plasma insulin level increase shouldbe maintained until at least the time of photoirradiation. Similarly,any method that initiates the increased metabolic, glycolytic ormitochondrial activity of the subject or tumor beginning from 7 days(preferably 24 hours) before the administration of BA and extendinguntil about 10 minutes before the BA-PDT irradiation will enhance theBA-PDT effectiveness in destroying the tumor. In other words, the windowin which the metabolic activity increase should be initiated beginsabout 7 days prior to administration of the BA and extends until about10 minutes prior to photoirradiation and such increased metabolic,glycolytic or mitochondrial activity should be maintained until at leastthe time of photoirradiation. A variety of other agents beyond thosedescribed above that enhance metabolic, glycolytic, or mitochondrialoxidative activity of the tumor will also function to enhance the BA-PDTeffectiveness in destroying the tumor. These agents include, by way ofnon-limiting example, stimulators of UCP1,2, or 3 (norepinephrine,epinephrine) or uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation such asdinitorphenol, FCCP (Carbonylcyanide-4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenylhydrazone), oligomycin, pyruvatedehydrogenase stimulators (e.g., insulin, carnitine) and thyroidhormones (T3,T4). Whole body glycolytic activity, lipid oxidationactivity, and metabolic rate can be measured by any means known in theart including respirometry assessment of 02 consumption and CO2production. Tumor oxidative or metabolic activity can be measured withthe use of stable or radiolabeled isotopes to measure local glucoseuptake, oxygen consumption, or CO2 production.

It is desirable to wait about 30 minutes to about 8 hours between thetime the subject's metabolic profile has reached the desired “increased”level (i.e., the level above the basal level of e.g. plasma glucose,FFA, lipid, ketone, lactate, or glutamine) and administration of the BAdye. However, longer periods of increased metabolic activity in thesubject or tumor for as long as one week may also be useful in thistreatment paradigm. However, such “increased” metabolic activity levelcan also be established within 24 hours prior to the BA administrationand up to about 30 minutes prior to photoirradiation of the tumor. Thisincrease can begin after the administration of the BAs and before BA-PDTphotoirradiation.

Any of the above methods of increasing the subject's metabolic activity(e.g., glycolytic activity, lipid oxidation activity, oxygen consumptionrate, fuel utilization rate, anabolic and/or catabolic processes) can beapplied individually or in any combination prior to the administrationof one or more BA dyes. For example, the GluBA-PDT method can becombined with the FFA-BA-PDT method to further enhance tumor eradication(defined as the MetabBA-PDT method). In another example, the GluBA-PDT,FFA-BA-PDT, or MetabBA-PDT method can further be combined withincreasing plasma insulin (e.g., by at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40,45, or 50%) above the basal level for a period of time as defined above.

An increase in plasma glucose and/or glutamine level (e.g., by at least10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%) above the basal level for aperiod of time can be achieved by any means or combination of meansknown in the art, including, e.g., a) direct glucose and/or glutamineadministration to achieve a prolonged hyperglycemia and/or elevatedplasma glutamine levels (e.g., administration of a glucose and/orglutamine bolus, intravenous glucose and/or glutamine, or a glucoseand/or glutamine bolus followed by continuous intravenous glucose and/orglutamine), b) administration of one or more hormones or hyperglycemicagents (e.g., glucagon, corticosteroids, and growth hormone) to increaseplasma glucose level, c) administration of one or more xenobiotics thatelevate the plasma glucose level, and/or d) any nutritional (e.g.,dietary), pharmaceutical, and/or biological intervention that produces asustained rise in the plasma glucose level (e.g., consuming highglycemic index food such as a candy bar, pastry, potato or a sugarcontaining beverage).

An increase in plasma lactate, ketone, lipid, and/or FFA level (e.g., byat least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%) above the basal levelfor a period of time can be achieved by any means or combination ofmeans known in the art, including, e.g., a) direct lactate, ketone,lipid, and/or FFA administration (e.g., lipid or fat emulsion [e.g.,Intralipid® infusion]), and/or b) administration of one or morelipolytic agents (e.g., growth hormone, corticosteroids, thyroidhormones, and/or acipomox) and/or sympathomimetic agents (e.g., agentsthat increase noradrenergic or adrenergic activity at adipocytes suchas, e.g., norepinephrine, epinephrine, beta-3 agonists, and/ornoradrenergic alpha 1 and/or 2 agonists) that facilitate a rise inplasma FFA level.

An increase in plasma insulin (e.g., by at least 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35,40, 45, or 50%) above the basal level for a period of time can beachieved by any means or combination of means known in the art,including, e.g., insulin infusion, insulin injection, and/or FFAinfusion or consumption of a high sugar (for example greater than 75grams per serving of sugar) or carbohydrate diet, a high fat diet(greater than 25% of total daily calories from fat), or a high fat plussimple sugar diet

An increase in plasma corticosteroid level (e.g., by at least 2-fold)above the basal level for a period of time can be achieved by any meansor combination of means known in the art, including, e.g.,corticosteroid infusion or injection or oral administration.

Any of the above described methods of increasing metabolic activity ofthe body can function to increase the metabolic activity of the normaltissue within (and potentially surrounding) the tumor mass that, inturn, functions to increase lactate and ketone production and releasethat enters the tumor mass to increase its metabolic activity, therebyincreasing the effectiveness of the BA-PDT. As such, the normal tissuecan participate in a major way in the destruction of the tumor mass withthis unique anti-cancer treatment approach.

A preferred BA chromophore for use in the present tumor eradicationtreatment is a benzophenothiazinium compound, an iodinatedbenzophenoxazinium compound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable saltthereof. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the BA chromophore is2-iodo-5-ethylamino-9-diethylamino-benzo[a]phenothiazinium chloride(2I-EtNBS), 5-ethylamino-9-diethylamino-benzo[a]phenothiazinium chloride(EtNBS), or 5-ethylamino-9-diethylaminobenzo[a]phenoselenazinium(EtNBSe). The amount of BA for each treatment ranges between 0.01 to 15mg/kg. The BAs are generally dissolved in an acidic aqueous solution of3-10% simple sugar (glucose, sucrose, etc.). The BAs are administered ata predetermined intravenous infusion rate to provide for a specificpharmacokinetic profile. Generally, the intravenous infusion of the BAdye solution is at a rate that creates a plasma BA T_(max) of the BAwithin about 10-240 minutes, preferably within about 10-180 minutes,following termination of infusion, followed by a plasma level of the BAless than about 50% of the T_(max) level within about 30 to 360 minutes,preferably within about 30 to 240 minutes following the initial T_(max)time.

An optimal outcome of a successful cancer therapy (e.g., successfulBA-PDT therapy) is a therapeutically relevant and maximal level ofdamage to the tumor, combined with a minimal level of damage to thehealthy/normal body tissues of the subject.

The optimal therapeutic effect of BA-PDT therapy is dependent upon acomplex interaction of pharmacodynamic, photophysical, and biochemicalevents within the subject. To optimize the therapeutic benefit andprovide a maximal therapeutic index (defined as the minimal dose thatproduces a toxic effect to the body divided by the minimum effectivetherapeutic dose of the therapy) on a routine, reproducible basis withBA-PDT, a specific method of administering the BA is employed based uponthe following considerations.

BA chromophores (BAs) are taken up by both normal and tumor/cancercells; however, they tend to be retained within tumor/cancer cells ofthe body for a longer period of time than within normal cells. BAchromophores can be toxic to normal tissues, even in the absence oflight. Also, within both normal cells and tumor/cancer cells, BA dyes(BAs) can exist in an active oxidized or protonated form and/or aninactive reduced or deprotonated form. To increase the therapeuticbenefit and therapeutic index simultaneously with BA-PDT, it isadvantageous to maximize the amount of oxidized or protonated BA dyes incancer cells while limiting the level of such oxidized or protonateddyes in normal cells. This is because it is the oxidized or protonatedform of the BA dyes that effectively absorb light in the therapeuticwindow to produce the PDT anti-cancer effect.

To generate a PDT effect with BA dyes, previous studies have employedeither an intravenous injection, subcutaneous injection, or intravenousinfusion of the BA dye at a standard rate and volume (irrespective ofsubject blood volume, i.e., dosing not based the subject's blood volume)with varying therapeutic effect.

BA dyes can be rapidly cleared from the circulation and absorbed by bothhealthy/normal and cancerous tissues of the body shortly afteradministration depending upon the administration protocol. Also, BA dyescan be rapidly inactivated (i.e., converted to a form that does notabsorb light at the appropriate wavelength and therefore isnon-photoactive) in both healthy/normal and cancerous tissues. Thus, toenable an administered dose of BA dye to 1) differentially andpreferentially accumulate within cancerous tissues versus healthy/normaltissues of the body, 2) maximally remain in the active form at the timeof tumor irradiation, and 3) maintain a beneficial maximal therapeuticindex, the administration volume, rate, and dose of BA dye must beappropriately adjusted.

Unlike most pharmacological agents, the absorption, distribution,metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of the BA dyes interacts with theirphotophysical properties to determine their therapeutic index.Importantly, it has now been found that BA dyes' ADME can be manipulatedin a very specific way to optimize their therapeutic effect at the samedose administration by employing a specific procedure for theadministration and irradiation of the BA dyes. In particular, it has nowbeen unexpectedly found that a specific administration and irradiationprocedure for BA dyes is required to achieve a superior BA-PDT resultand physiological status with healthy/normal tissues containing low(i.e., non-toxic) levels of BA dyes (low levels of oxidized orprotonated BA dyes in particular) and cancerous tissues containing arelatively higher level of oxidized or protonated BA dyes (i.e., a levelsufficient to produce a therapeutically relevant PDT effect on tumorgrowth and viability [optimal BA-PDT procedure]). That is to say,specific administration procedures and light treatment proceduresproduce an unexpectedly superior PDT result versus other procedures thatutilize the same dose of BA and light. This procedure has the followingcomponents and characteristics:

-   -   1. Administration (by intravenous infusion) of a BA dose between        about 0.01 to 15 mg/kg body weight (preferably about 0.01 to 5.0        mg/kg body weight) in an acidified aqueous solution of 3-10%        sugar or any short chain saccharide(s) (e.g., glucose, sucrose,        mannitol, mannose, and/or fructose).    -   2. Intravenous infusion of the BA dye solution at a total        infusion volume equal to between about one-tenth and one-quarter        of the subject's total blood volume.    -   3. Intravenous infusion of the BA dye solution at a rate that        creates a plasma BA T_(max) within about 10-240 minutes,        preferably within about 10-180 minutes following termination of        infusion, followed by a plasma level less than about 50% of the        T_(max) level within about 10 to 360 minutes, preferably within        about 30 to 240 minutes following the initial T_(max) time.    -   4. Irradiation of the tumor mass within about 30 minutes to 24        hours, preferably to 8 hours following the termination of BA dye        infusion with “red” light (i.e., light with a wavelength between        about 600 and 700 nm, preferably >650 nm, preferably at the        lambda max for the specific BA dye administered) at 50-500        mW/cm² and 50-500 J/cm².

Light Activation of Administered BA Chromophores

Light-induced killing of solid tumors can be carried out on any solidtumor accessible to irradiation from conventional sources of actiniclight (e.g., a xenon arc lamp or an incandescent white light source)and/or from a laser generating light of the appropriate wavelength[i.e., at or near the lambda max absorption of the BA]. For tumors onthe body surface, any light source can be employed that radiates lightat the appropriate wavelengths to activate the BA chromophores (i.e.,wavelengths between about 600 and 700 nm, preferably between about 620and 700 nm, preferably about 650 nm) and that can deliver about 50 to500 mW per square centimeter (cm²) of treated area. For example, a diodelaser or a tunable argon-dye laser (e.g., a 5 watt argon ion pumpedtunable dye laser such as Coherent model Innova 100) can be used.Similar lasers are also commercially available from, e.g., AppliedOptics Corp. (e.g., a 652 nm diode laser). A projector light source canalternately be employed. For tumors within the body that areinaccessible to direct light sources, light can be administered, e.g.,via optical fibers. A preferred light source in this case is a laser.

The total light energy delivered is preferably between about 50 andabout 500 Joules (J)/cm², more preferably about 200 J/cm². The powerdensity of the light is preferably between about 50 and about 500mW/cm², more preferably about 200 mW/cm². Delivery of laser light can becarried out, e.g., according to the well-known methods currently usedfor HPD-mediated laser therapy (see, e.g., Foultier et al., J PhotochemPhotobiol B Biol. 10:119-132, 1991). The output beam from the dye lasercan be coupled to, e.g., a 400 micron (μm) quartz fiber optic cablefitted with a microlens to ensure an even light distribution throughoutthe treatment field. The wavelength can be tuned with, e.g., abirefringent filter and the power density should be adjusted for a spotsize to encompass the tumor and a margin of some normal tissue.

Compared to BA-PDT alone, the application of one or moremetabolism-altering methods as described herein in conjunction withBA-PDT (e.g., GluBA-PDT or FFA-BA-PDT or MetabBA-PDT) leads to asurprising and apparently synergistic enhancement of the tumoreradication rate, with one or more of the metabolism-altering methodsdisclosed herein.

Assessment of the change in metabolism in the tumor desired to betreated by any of the metabolism-altering methods described herein maybe accomplished by altering the metabolism as described herein of thetumor type desired to be treated (e.g., increasing the tumor level ofglucose, glutamine, lactate, ketone, lipid, and/or FFA [e.g., by atleast 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, or 50%] above that of thesubject's basal condition for a period of time) and evaluatingsubsequent changes in metabolic activity of the tumor, for example, byassaying activity levels of glucose uptake, glycolysis, mitochondrialoxidative phosphorylation, and/or reactive oxygen species generation bymethods that are well established in the art. The increase in thephotoactive form of the BA within the tumor or tumor cells under suchmetabolic manipulation conditions can be evaluated in vivo. Thismeasurement can be accomplished using spectrophotometry (red lightabsorption) or fluorescence analysis of BA's within the tumor mass.

EXAMPLES Example 1

Syrian hamsters bearing transplanted subcutaneous pancreatic tumors(˜5-9 mm diameter) (HapT1, from approximately 1 million cells injected)were divided into three groups (N=3-6 per group). Two groups wereadministered BA (2I-EtNBS) (6.0 mg/kg), either with concurrentintervention to raise the plasma glucose level (glucose bolusadministration [3 g/kg body weight, administered intraperitoneally]) toat least 20% above basal levels (Glu-BA-PDT) plus insulin (10 U/kg bodyweight) for a period from 30 minutes prior to BA administration to 60minutes after BA administration or another group without such metabolictreatment. A third group was untreated to serve as a negative control.Each of the BA groups received PDT (180 mW/cm² and 180 J/cm² of 652 nmlight) 60 minutes after the administration of BA. Relative to theuntreated control group, the tumor volume at 3-7 days following PDT wasreduced by 40-50% in the BA-PDT group and by 70-80% in the Glu-BA-PDTplus insulin group. In other words, the tumor growth promotingintervention of adding the glucose plus insulin to the BA-PDT protocolfurther reduced tumor growth by another approximate 50%.

Example 2A

Syrian hamsters bearing transplanted orthotopic pancreatic tumors (˜5-9mm diameter) (HapT1, from approximately 100,00 cells injected) weredivided into three groups (N=5-9/group). Two groups were administered BA(2I-EtNBS) (11.25 mg/kg), either with prior intervention to raise theplasma glucose level (glucose bolus administration [3 g/kg body weight,administered intraperitoneally]) to at least 20% above basal levels(Glu-BA-PDT) plus insulin (10 U/kg body weight) for a period from 60minutes prior to BA-PDT photoirradiation and 4 hours after BAadministration or another group without such metabolic treatment. Athird group was untreated to serve as a negative control. Each of the BAgroups received PDT (270 mW/cm² and 270 J/cm² of 652 nm light) 5 hoursafter the administration of BA. Tumor growth was assessed by measuringtumor volume at 28 days post-BA-PDT treatment. Relative to the untreatedcontrol group (tumor volume=1686 mm³), the tumor volume of the BA-PDTgroup was approximately 45% smaller. However, the tumor volume of theBA-PDT plus glucose and insulin group was 52% smaller than the BA-PDTgroup. In other words, the tumor growth promoting intervention of addingthe glucose plus insulin to the BA-PDT protocol further reduced tumorgrowth by another 38%.

FIG. 1 is a chart of Example 2A illustrating the in vivo anti-tumoreffect of Hamster Pancreatic Cancer Metabolic Modulation plus BA-PDT at11.25 mg/kg at 270 mW^(˜)J/cm² at 5 hours after infusion treatment andsacrificed 28 days later.

The results of Example 2A are shown below—values are for tumor volume inmm³.

Vehicle tumor volume (mm3) PDT tumor volume (mm3) PDT + Glu&INS minorvolume (mm3) Hamster # Day 0 Day 28 Hamster # Day 0 Day 28 Hamster # Day0 Day 28 1072518 52.91 0.00 2072018 25.98 363.55 3072018 22.01 0.0013072518 27.04 4137.31 4072018 28.46 0.00 5072018 34.63 0.00 107201841.33 3214.92 6072018 51.14 0.00 7072018 60.50 0.00 12072018 54.68 0.008072018 170.55 1128.59 9072018 34.96 97.55 13072018 105.34 1079.0310072018 55.12 152.49 11072018 61.66 0.00 6072718 74.92 836.34 207271883.05 0.00 9072718 69.55 3512.44 5072718 46.08 1483.99 12072718 59.401395.92 8072718 44.57 1356.32 11072718 32.07 1034.39 Average 56.261686.25 Average 66.89 923.67 Average 46.61 441.36

Example 2B

Syrian hamsters bearing transplanted orthotopic pancreatic tumors (˜5-9mm diameter) (HapT1, from approximately 100,00 cells injected) weredivided into three groups (N=7-15/group). Two groups were administeredBA (2I-EtNBS) (11.25 mg/kg), either with prior intervention to raise theplasma glucose level (glucose bolus administration [3 g/kg body weight,administered intraperitoneally]) to at least 20% above basal levels(Glu-BA-PDT) plus insulin (10 U/kg body weight) for a period from 60minutes prior to BA-PDT photoirradiation and 4 hours after BAadministration or another group without such metabolic treatment. Athird group was untreated to serve as a negative control. Each of the BAgroups received PDT (270 mW/cm² and 270 J/cm² of 652 nm light) 5 hoursafter the administration of BA. Tumor growth was assessed by measuringtumor volume at 7 days post-BA-PDT treatment. Relative to the untreatedcontrol group (tumor volume=597 mm³), the tumor volume of the BA-PDTgroup was approximately 41% smaller. However, the tumor volume of theBA-PDT plus glucose and insulin group was 63% smaller than the BA-PDTgroup. In other words, the tumor growth promoting intervention of addingthe glucose plus insulin to the BA-PDT protocol further reduced tumorgrowth by another 63%.

FIG. 2 a chart of Example 2B illustrating the in vivo Hamster PancreaticCancer Metabolic Modulation plus BA-PDT at 11.25 mg/kg at 270mW^(˜)J/cm² 2.5 hours after infusion treatment and sacrificed 7 dayslater,

The results of Example 2B are shown below—values are for tumor volume inmm³.

Vehicle tumor volume mm³ PDT tumor volume (mm3) PDT + Glu&INS tumorvolume (mm3) Hamster # Day 0 Day 7 Hamster # Day 0 Day 7 Hamster # Day 07 1071818 34.05 2368.50 3071818 76.23 0.00 2071818 169.53 68.47 1207181853.59 2346.63 5071818 684.16 4071818 44.80 0.00 12060418 67.03 404.317071818 50.25 1355.70 6071818 59.96 138.12 12053118 44.40 343.28 9071818189.45 0.00 8071818 86.36 628.62 1052918 28.75 233.98 11071818 66.32426.06 10071818 50.62 0.00 1052518 23.50 385.64 6060418 36.06 108.472060418 76.40 20.16 12051818 59.83 79.72 8060418 51.96 102.76 706041850.64 59.70 8042118 83.44 240.35 10060418 29.70 141.74 1041918 46.70526.84 13071818 77.90 240.35 4060418 69.14 526.84 1053118 49.53 526.9912052918 61.34 491.81 12052518 23.80 139.83 1051818 35.34 107.14 Average50.56 597.48 Average 71.42 352.36 Average 76.90 130.72

Example 3

Syrian hamsters bearing transplanted subcutaneous pancreatic tumors(˜5-9 mm diameter) (HapT1, from approximately 1 million cells injected)were divided into three groups. Two groups were administered 2I-EtNBS(BA) (6.0 mg/kg), either with concurrent intervention to raise theplasma FFA and glucose levels (e.g., administration of a lipid/fatemulsion as Intralipid® at about 7.5 ml of a 20% solution per kg bodyweight and of glucose at 3 g/kg body weight i.p.) to at least 30% abovebasal levels for a period from 60 minutes prior to BA administration toabout 60 minutes after BA administration (Metab-BA-PDT) plus insulin (10U/kg body weight) or another group without such treatment (BA-PDT). Athird group was untreated to serve as a negative control. Each of the BAgroups receive PDT (180 mW/cm² and 180 J/cm² of 652 nm light) 60 minutesafter the administration of BA. Relative to the untreated control group,the tumor volume at 4-7 days following PDT was reduced by 40-50% in theBA-PDT group and by 70-80% in the Metab-BA-PDT plus insulin group. Inother words, the tumor growth promoting intervention of adding theglucose plus insulin to the BA-PDT protocol further reduced tumor growthby another approximate 50%.

Example 4

Syrian hamsters bearing transplanted subcutaneous pancreatic tumors(˜5-9 mm diameter) (HapT1, from approximately 1 million cells injected)were divided into three groups. Two groups are administered 2I-EtNBS(BA) (6.0 mg/kg), either with concurrent intervention to raise theplasma FFA (e.g., administration of a lipid/fat emulsion as Intralipid®at about 7.5 ml of a 20% solution per kg body weight) to at least 30%above basal levels for a period from 60 minutes prior to BAadministration to about 60 minutes after BA administration (FFA-BA-PDT)or another group without such intervention (BA-PDT). A third group isuntreated to serve as a negative control. Each of the BA groups receivePDT (180 mW/cm² and 180 J/cm² of 652 nm light) 60 minutes after theadministration of BA. Relative to the untreated control group, the tumorvolume at 4-7 days following PDT was reduced by 40-50% in the BA-PDTgroup and by 70-80% in the FFA-BA-PDT group. In other words, the tumorgrowth promoting intervention of adding the glucose plus insulin to theBA-PDT protocol further reduced tumor growth by another approximate 50%.

Example 5

Syrian hamsters bearing transplanted subcutaneous pancreatic tumors(˜5-9 mm diameter) (HapT1, from approximately 1 million cells injected)are divided into three groups. Two groups are administered 2I-EtNBS (BA)(6.0 mg/kg), either with (FFA-BA-PDT) or another group without (BA-PDT)concurrent intervention to raise the plasma lactate and/or ketone levelto at least 10% above basal levels for a period from 30 minutes prior toBA administration to 60 minutes after BA administration. A third groupis untreated to serve as a negative control. Each of the BA groupsreceive PDT (exposure to 180 mW/cm² and 180 J/cm² of 652 nm light) 60minutes after the administration of BA. Relative to the BA-PDT group,the decrease in tumor size in the FFA-BA-PDT group at 4-7 days post-PDTis predicted to be significantly greater than in the control and BA-PDTgroups.

Example 6

Syrian hamsters bearing transplanted subcutaneous pancreatic tumors(˜5-9 mm diameter) (HapT1, from approximately 1 million cells injected)were divided into three groups. Two groups were administered 2I-EtNBS(BA) (6.0 mg/kg), either with concurrent intervention to raise theplasma glucose level to at least 30% above basal levels for a periodfrom about 60 minutes prior to BA administration to 60 minutes after BAadministration (Glu-BA-PDT) or another group without such intervention(BA-PDT). A third group was untreated to serve as a negative control.Each of the BA groups received PDT (180 mW/cm² and 180 J/cm² of 652 nmlight) 60 minutes after the administration of BA. Relative to theuntreated control group, the tumor volume at 3-7 days following PDT wasreduced by 30-50% in the BA-PDT group and by 70-80% in the Glu-BA-PDT.In other words, the tumor growth promoting intervention of adding theglucose to the BA-PDT protocol further reduced tumor growth by anotherapproximate 50%.

Example 7A

Syrian hamsters bearing transplanted orthotopic pancreatic tumors(HapT1) were divided into three groups (N=12-25/group). Two groups wereadministered BA (2I-EtNBS) (11.25 mg/kg), either with intervention toraise the plasma glucose level (glucose bolus administration [3 g/kgbody weight, administered intraperitoneally]) to at least 20% abovebasal levels (Glu-BA-PDT) plus insulin (10 U/kg body weight) for aperiod starting about 60 minutes prior to PDT and about 4 hours after BAadministration or another group without such metabolic treatment. Athird group was untreated to serve as a negative control. Each of the BAgroups received PDT (130 mW/cm² and 130 J/cm² of 652 nm light) 5 hoursafter the administration of BA. Tumor growth was assessed by measuringtumor volume at 21 days post-BA-PDT treatment. Relative to the untreatedcontrol group (tumor volume=983 mm³), the tumor volume of the BA-PDTgroup was approximately 43% smaller. However, the tumor volume of theBA-PDT plus glucose and insulin group (GluBA-PDT plus insulin) was 55%smaller than the BA-PDT group. In other words, the tumor growthpromoting intervention of adding the glucose plus insulin to the BA-PDTprotocol further reduced tumor growth by another 55%.

The results of Example 7A are shown below—values are for tumor volume inmm³.

Vehicle tumor volume (mm3) PDT PDT + Glu&INS tumor volume (mm3) Hamster# Day 0 Day 21 Difference Hamster # Day 0 Day 21 Difference Hamster #Day 0 Day 21 Difference 1020119 31.76 1212.95 1181.19 12071619 57.860.00 −57.86 1071619 69.59 346.89 277.29 13020119 72.36 647.27 574.9213071619 54.49 0.00 −54.49 2071619 99.79 88.62 −11.17 2020119 42.571168.87 1126.30 12072319 109.13 36.34 −72.79 3071619 36.96 0.00 −36.9614020119 45.13 1931.76 1886.62 13072319 93.99 971.37 877.38 107231936.73 69.89 33.16 1030119 65.07 1304.41 1239.34 1080619 103.68 1417.911314.23 2072319 62.31 26.39 −35.92 2030119 83.56 2034.18 1950.62 308061992.89 287.83 194.95 3072319 64.32 53.59 −10.73 14030119 48.98 771.92722.94 5080619 136.78 306.80 170.02 2082919 63.13 743.50 680.36 1503011944.70 1226.70 1182.00 6080619 216.51 624.31 407.80 4082919 102.80 206.09103.29 1030819 78.40 1376.74 1298.34 7080619 157.17 226.04 68.86 6082919157.01 697.34 540.33 2030819 79.97 323.82 243.84 8080619 91.65 502.58410.93 8082919 93.67 288.82 195.15 14030819 59.07 321.60 262.53 908061994.91 298.52 203.61 10082919 112.66 91.94 −20.73 15030819 47.85 964.75916.90 10080619 102.08 513.75 411.67 12082919 95.51 85.26 −10.2515071619 60.32 783.18 722.86 11080619 262.84 931.00 668.16 1407231967.32 1236.52 1169.20 12080619 97.97 619.41 521.44 15072319 31.63 111.0879.44 13080619 127.20 1699.25 1572.05 1081219 97.02 680.22 583.2014080619 198.51 274.42 75.91 2081219 112.84 624.28 511.44 15080619105.77 755.74 649.97 3081219 103.84 1793.68 1689.84 4081219 106.871786.72 1679.85 5081219 103.09 311.92 208.83 6081219 88.36 1112.491024.13 7081219 80.94 942.80 861.86 8081219 89.27 717.23 627.96 908121961.97 887.47 825.50 10081219 77.48 612.15 534.68 Average 62.86 983.55920.69 Average 123.73 556.78 433.05 Average 76.96 248.03 171.07

FIG. 3 is a chart of Example 7A illustrating the in vivo HamsterPancreatic Cancer Metabolic Modulation plus BA-PDT at 11.25 mg/kg at 130mW^(˜)J/cm² 5 hours after infusion treatment and sacrificed 21 dayslater.

Example 7B

Syrian hamsters bearing transplanted orthotopic pancreatic tumors(HapT1) were divided into three groups (N=8-25). Two groups wereadministered BA (2I-EtNBS) (11.25 mg/kg), either with intervention toraise the plasma glucose level (glucose bolus administration [3 g/kgbody weight, administered intraperitoneally]) to at least 20% abovebasal levels (Glu-BA-PDT) for a period starting from 60 minutes prior toBA-PDT photoirradiation and at 4 hours after BA administration oranother group without such metabolic treatment. A third group wasuntreated to serve as a negative control. Each of the BA groups receivedPDT (130 mW/cm² and 130 J/cm² of 652 nm light) 5 hours after theadministration of BA. Tumor growth was assessed by measuring tumorvolume at 21 days post-BA-PDT treatment. Relative to the untreatedcontrol group (tumor volume=983 mm3), the tumor volume of the BA-PDTgroup was approximately 43% smaller. However, the tumor volume of theBA-PDT plus glucose (GluBA-PDT) group was 97% smaller than the BA-PDTgroup. In other words, the tumor growth promoting intervention of addingthe glucose to the BA-PDT protocol further reduced tumor growth byanother approximate 97%.

The results of Example 7B are shown below—values are for tumor volume inmm³.

Vehicle tumor volume (mm3) PDT PDT + Glu tumor volume (mm3) Hamster #Day 0 Day 21 Difference Hamster # Day 0 Day 21 Difference Hamster # Day0 Day 21 Difference 1020119 31.76 1212.95 1181.19 12071619 57.86 0.00−57.86 5071619 73.72 0.00 −73.72 13020119 72.36 647.27 574.92 1307161954.49 0.00 −54.49 7071619 46.04 0.00 −46.04 2020119 42.57 1168.871126.30 12072319 109.13 36.34 −72.79 9071619 29.79 0.00 −29.79 1402011945.13 1931.76 1886.62 13072319 93.99 971.37 877.38 11071619 74.00 106.0232.03 1030119 65.07 1304.41 1239.34 1080619 103.68 1417.91 1314.235072319 0.00 −14.40 2030119 83.56 2034.18 1950.62 3080619 92.89 287.83194.95 7072319 14.40 0.00 −50.72 14030119 48.98 771.92 722.94 5080619136.78 306.80 170.02 9072319 50.72 0.00 −64.28 15030119 44.70 1226.701182.00 6080619 216.51 624.31 407.80 11072319 64.28 37.38 14.94 103081978.40 1376.74 1298.34 7080619 157.17 226.04 68.86 22.45 2030819 79.97323.82 243.84 8080619 91.65 502.58 410.93 14030819 59.07 321.60 262.539080619 94.91 298.52 203.61 15030819 47.85 964.75 916.90 10080619 102.08513.75 411.67 15071619 60.32 783.18 722.86 11080619 262.84 931.00 668.1614072319 67.32 1236.52 1169.20 12080619 97.97 619.41 521.44 1507231931.63 111.08 79.44 13080619 127.20 1699.25 1572.05 1081219 97.02 680.22583.20 14080619 198.51 274.42 75.91 2081219 112.84 624.28 511.4415080619 105.77 755.74 649.97 3081219 103.84 1793.68 1689.84 4081219106.87 1786.72 1679.85 5081219 103.09 311.92 208.83 6081219 88.361112.49 1024.13 7081219 80.94 942.80 861.86 8081219 89.27 717.23 627.969081219 61.97 887.47 825.50 10081219 77.48 612.15 534.68 Average 62.86983.55 920.69 Average 123.73 556.78 433.05 Average 46.92 17.93 −29.00

FIG. 4 is a chart of Example 7B illustrating the in vivo HamsterPancreatic Cancer Metabolic Modulation plus BA-PDT at 11.25 mg/kg at 130mW^(˜)J/cm² at 5 hours after infusion treatment and sacrificed 21 dayslater.

Example 7C

Syrian hamsters bearing transplanted orthotopic pancreatic tumors(HapT1) were divided into three groups (N=7-25). Two groups wereadministered BA (2I-EtNBS) (11.25 mg/kg), either with intervention toraise the plasma insulin level by at least 10% (10 U/kg body weight) fora period starting about 60 minutes prior to PDT and about 4 hours afterBA administration or another group without such hormonal/metabolictreatment. A third group was untreated to serve as a negative control.Each of the BA groups received PDT (130 mW/cm² and 130 J/cm² of 652 nmlight) 5 hours after the administration of BA. Tumor growth was assessedby measuring tumor volume at 21 days post-BA-PDT treatment. Relative tothe untreated control group (tumor volume=983 mm³), the tumor volume ofthe BA-PDT group was approximately 43% smaller. However, the tumorvolume of the BA-PDT plus insulin group was 94% smaller than the BA-PDTgroup. In other words, the tumor growth promoting intervention of addingthe glucose plus insulin to the BA-PDT protocol further reduced tumorgrowth by another 94%.

The results of Example 7C are shown below-values are for tumor volume inmm³.

Vehicle tumor volume (mm3) PDT tumor volume (mm3) PDT + INS tumor volume(mm3) Hamster # Day 0 Day 21 Difference Hamster # Day 0 Day 21Difference Hamster # Day 0 Day 21 Difference 1020119 3176 1212.951181.19 12071619 57.86 0.00 −57.86 4071619 69.71 0.00 −69.71 1302011972.36 647.27 574.92 13071619 54.49 0.00 −54.49 6071619 60.97 228.27167.29 2020119 42.57 1168.87 1126.30 12072319 109.13 36.34 −72.798071619 77.95 0.00 −77.95 14020119 45.13 1931.76 1886.62 13072319 93.99971.37 877.38 10071619 100.16 0.00 −100.16 1030119 65.07 1304.41 1239.341080619 103.68 1417.91 1314.23 4072319 69.04 0.00 −69.04 2030119 83.562034.18 1950.62 3080619 92.89 287.83 194.95 6072319 116.30 0.00 −116.3014030119 48.98 771.92 722.94 5080619 136.78 306.80 170.02 8072319 76.700.00 −76.70 15030119 44.70 1226.70 1182.00 6080619 216.51 624.31 407.801030819 78.40 1376.74 1298.34 7080619 157.17 226.04 68.86 2030819 79.97323.82 243.84 8080619 91.65 502.58 410.93 14030819 59.07 321.60 262.539080619 94.91 298.52 203.61 15030819 47.85 964.75 916.90 10080619 102.08513.75 411.67 15071619 60.32 783.18 722.86 11080619 262.84 931.00 668.1614072319 67.32 1236.52 1169.20 12080619 97.97 619.41 521.44 1507231931.63 111.08 79.44 13080619 127.20 1699.25 1572.05 1081219 97.02 680.22583.20 14080619 198.51 274.42 75.91 2081219 112.84 624.28 511.4415080619 105.77 755.74 649.97 3081219 103.84 1793.68 1689.84 4081219106.87 1786.72 1679.85 5081219 103.09 311.92 208.83 6081219 88.361112.49 1024.13 7081219 80.94 942.80 861.86 8081219 89.27 717.23 627.969081219 61.97 887.47 825.50 10081219 77.48 612.15 534.68 Average 62.86983.55 920.69 Average 123.73 556.78 433.05 Average 81.55 32.61 −48.94

FIG. 5 is a chart of example 7C illustrating the in vivo HamsterPancreatic Cancer Metabolic Modulation plus BA-PDT at 11.25 mg/kg at 130mW^(˜)J/cm² 5 hours after infusion treatment and sacrificed 21 dayslater.

Example 8

Syrian hamsters bearing transplanted orthotopic pancreatic tumors(HapT1) were divided into three groups (N=5-9/group). Two groups wereadministered BA (2I-EtNBS) (11.25 mg/kg), either with intervention toraise the plasma glucose level (glucose bolus administration [3 g/kgbody weight, administered intraperitoneally]) to at least 20% abovebasal levels (Glu-BA-PDT) plus insulin (10 U/kg body weight) for aperiod starting about 60 minutes prior to PDT and about 4 hours after BAadministration or another group without such metabolic treatment. Athird group was untreated to serve as a negative control. Each of the BAgroups received PDT (270 mW/cm² and 270 J/cm² of 652 nm light) 5 hoursafter the administration of BA. Tumor growth was assessed by measuringtumor volume at 28 days post-BA-PDT treatment. Relative to the untreatedcontrol group (tumor volume=1750 mm³), the tumor volume of the BA-PDTgroup was approximately 43% smaller. However, the tumor volume of theBA-PDT plus glucose and insulin group (GluBA-PDT plus insulin) was 50%smaller than the BA-PDT group. In other words, the tumor growthpromoting intervention of adding the glucose plus insulin to the BA-PDTprotocol further reduced tumor growth by another 50%.

Example 9

Wistar rats bearing transplanted subcutaneous bladder tumors (˜5-9 mmdiameter) (NBT II, from approximately 2.5 million cells injected) weredivided into three groups (N=3 per group). Two groups were administeredBA (2I-EtNBS) (10.0 mg/kg), either with concurrent intervention to raisethe plasma glucose level (glucose bolus administration [3 g/kg bodyweight, administered intraperitoneally]) to at least 20% above basallevels (Glu-BA-PDT) plus insulin (1.0 U/kg body weight) at 1.5 hoursafter BA administration and for a period from 60 minutes before BA-PDTphotoirradiation or another group without such metabolic treatment. Athird group was untreated to serve as a negative control. Each of the BAgroups received PDT (180 mW/cm² and 180 J/cm² of 652 nm light) 2.5 hoursafter the administration of BA. The tumor presence at 48 hours followingPDT was 100% in the negative control group (no PDT), 67% in the BA-PDTgroup, and 0% in the GluBA-PDT plus insulin group. In other words, thetumor growth promoting intervention of adding the glucose plus insulinto the BA-PDT protocol further reduced tumor eradication by anotherapproximate 67%, resulting in 100% of animals tumor free at this timepoint.

Example 10

Fischer 344 rats bearing transplanted subcutaneous brain tumors (glioma)(˜5-9 mm diameter) (9 L tumor cells, from approximately 2.0-2.5 millioncells injected) were divided into three groups (N=3 per group). Twogroups were administered BA (2I-EtNBS) (10.0 mg/kg), either withconcurrent intervention to raise the plasma glucose level (glucose bolusadministration [3 g/kg body weight, administered intraperitoneally]) toat least 20% above basal levels (Glu-BA-PDT) plus insulin (1.0 U/kg bodyweight) at 1.5 hours after BA administration and for a period from 60minutes before BA-PDT photoirradiation or another group without suchmetabolic treatment. A third group was untreated to serve as a negativecontrol. Each of the BA groups received PDT (180 mW/cm² and 180 J/cm² of652 nm light) 2.5 hours after the administration of BA. The tumorpresence at 35 days following PDT was 67% in the negative control group(no PDT), 50% in the BA-PDT group, and 0% in the GluBA-PDT plus insulingroup. In other words, the tumor growth promoting intervention of addingthe glucose plus insulin to the BA-PDT protocol further reduced tumoreradication by another approximate 50%.

Example 11

Animals bearing tumors of ectodermal, endodermal, or mesodermal origin(˜5-9 mm diameter) are divided into three groups. Two groups areadministered 2I-EtNBS (BA) (6-12 mg/kg), either with treatment thatincreases the metabolic activity of the animals (feeding, [particularlya high fat and/or sugar/carbohydrate diet], metabolic activityincreasing hormones such as insulin, growth hormone, thyroid hormones,corticosteroids, or a combination of such feeding and hormonalintervention) to raise the metabolic activity level to at least 10%above basal level for a period of time at least 30 minutes prior to BAadministration and extending to as much as 60 minutes after BA-PDTadministration or another group without such concurrent metabolicactivity increasing intervention. A third group is untreated to serve asa negative control. Each of the BA groups receive PDT (exposure to 100mW/cm² and 100 J/cm² of 652 nm light) 5 hours after the administrationof BA. Relative to the BA-PDT group, the decrease in tumor size in themetabolic activity increasing-BA-PDT group at 21 days post-PDT ispredicted to be significantly greater than in the control and BA-PDTgroups.

In all examples above, administration to several groups of animals ofthe metabolism altering methods (e.g., GluBA-PDT, MetabBA-PDT orFFA-BA-PDT with or without insulin) without concurrent application ofBA-PDT had no effect on tumor regression or eradication. That is suchmetabolic treatments in and of themselves produced no change in tumorvolume at the study endpoints versus the vehicle controls. Consequently,the above described observations demonstrate the presence of asynergistic interaction between BA-PDT and the metabolism-alteringmethods (i.e., raising the plasma glucose and/or FFA level or metabolicactivity and/or inducing hormonal changes (e.g., insulin administration)as described herein). That is, the effect of combining ametabolism-altering method (individual anti-tumor effect=0) with BA-PDT(individual anti-tumor effect=X) is greater than the expected additiveeffect of combining the two (i.e., the actual/observed effect is >>X,whereas the theoretical additive effect would be 0+X=X). In cases wherethe BA-PDT treatment did not produce a difference from the vehiclecontrol in terms of tumor volume, (and neither did the metabolismaltering methods), the metabolism altering methods plus BA-PDT did so.

In fact, it is generally observed that raising the plasma glucose and/orFFA level and/or inducing insulin resistance in tumor-bearing organismsnot only does not have any anti-tumor effect but actually increasestumor growth rate via various mechanisms including providing fuel andgrowth stimulating hormones (insulin) for tumor growth that can inhibitimmune system function against the tumor (i.e., anti-tumor effect <0).Thus, it would have been counterintuitive to combine BA-PDT (intended totreat cancer) with one or more of these metabolism-altering methods(which by themselves are known to actually enhance tumor growth).Moreover, the tumor eradication rate at study endpoint (no visible tumorpresent) can be greater among animals treated with BA-PDT plus metabolicactivity increasing methods described herein versus BA-PDT alone.

Addition of Circadian Neuroendocrine Resetting Therapy to the MetabolicActivity Altering-BA-PDT Method to Treat Cancer

It is known that circadian rhythms of neuroendocrine activity caninfluence immune function in the body. Several aspects of immunefunction themselves exhibit circadian or diurnal activity. Cancer (tumorcell growth) has the capacity to disrupt both neuroendocrine and immunecircadian organization of immune function thus leading to a diminishedability of the immune system to combat or attenuate cancer growth. Ithas now been found that the metabolism altering activity-BA-PDTapproaches described herein can be further enhanced to inhibit tumorgrowth by appropriate circadian timed administration of dopaminergicagonists (e.g., bromocriptine, dihydroergocriptine, dihydroergotoxine[hydergine], dopamine D1 agonists such benzazepine analogs) at 0.001 to1 mg/kg BW, and prolactin stimulating compounds (e.g., prolactin [at0.01 to 100 ug/kg BW], or melatonin, tryptophan, 5-hydroxy-tryptophan[at 0.01 ug to 10 mg/kg/BW]). The dopamine agonist is administered at atime of day so as to effectuate a daily peak in brain dopaminergicactivity that coincides with the natural circadian peak in such activityin healthy individuals without cancer (generally within about 4 hours ofwaking from the daily sleep cycle, preferably within about 2 hours ofwaking). The prolactin stimulating compound is administered at a time ofday so as to effectuate a daily peak in plasma prolactin level thatcoincides with the natural circadian peak in such activity in healthyindividuals without cancer (generally within about 4 hours of onset ofdaily sleep cycle, preferably just before the onset of sleep).

Example 12

Syrian hamsters held on 14 hour daily photoperiods and bearingtransplanted orthotopic pancreatic tumors (HapT1) were divided into fourgroups (N=8-16/group). Two groups were administered BA (2I-EtNBS) (11.25mg/kg), either with intervention to raise the plasma glucose level(glucose bolus administration [3 g/kg body weight, administeredintraperitoneally]) to at least 20% above basal levels (Glu-BA-PDT) plusinsulin (10 U/kg body weight) for a period starting about 60 minutesprior to PDT and about 4 hours after BA administration or another groupwith such metabolic treatment and additionally treatment withbromocriptine at the onset of waking (10 mg/kg BW) and prolactin (0.25mg/kg BW) at 10 hours after the onset of sleep for a period of time 4days before, during, and 6 days after the BA-PDT. A third group wastreated only with bromocriptine at the onset of waking (10 mg/kg BW) andprolactin (0.25 mg/kg BW) at 10 hours after the onset of sleep. A fourthgroup was untreated to serve as a negative control. Each of the BAgroups received PDT (130 mW/cm² and 130 J/cm² of 652 nm light) 5 hoursafter the administration of BA. Tumor growth was assessed by measuringtumor volume at 34 days post-BA-PDT treatment. Relative to the untreatedcontrol group (tumor volume=1082 mm³), the tumor volume of the BA-PDTgroup was approximately 57% smaller. However, the tumor volume of theBA-PDT plus glucose and insulin group (GluBA-PDT plus insulin) with suchbromocriptine plus prolactin treatment was 78% smaller than theGluBA-PDT plus insulin group. In other words, the tumor growth promotingintervention of adding the glucose plus insulin to the BA-PDT protocolthat reduced tumor growth by 54% was further enhanced by circadian timedbromocriptine plus prolactin administration that further reduced tumorsize by another 78% relative to the GluBA-PDT plus insulin group.Improvements in tumor size reduction were also observed for theGluBA-PDT plus insulin plus prolactin and the GluBA-PDT plus insulinplus bromocriptine groups relative to the GluBA-PDT plus insulin group(65% and 21% further reduction in tumor size, respectively). Thebromocriptine at the onset of waking (10 mg/kg BW) and prolactin (0.25mg/kg BW) at 10 hours after the onset of sleep group had no reduction intumor size (1467 mm³) relative to the vehicle control.

The results of Example 12 are shown in the table below-values are fortumor volume in mm³.

Vehicle PDT + Glu/INS Hamster # Day 0 Day 34 Difference Hamster # Day 0Day 34 Difference 1021120 76.56 382.48 305.92 2021120 96.05 340.85244.80 5021120 110.00 1280.78 1170.78 6021120 93.21 418.46 325.251022020 164.65 1474.22 1309.57 2022020 110.94 261.61 150.66 502202033.91 953.76 919.85 6022020 48.57 913.03 864.46 1022520 37.88 906.52868.64 2022520 91.36 0.00 −91.36 5022520 53.60 1026.53 972.93 602252043.21 0.00 −43.21 1030520 78.94 1474.54 1395.60 2030520 88.97 459.56370.58 5030520 79.81 727.81 648.00 6030520 150.64 0.00 −150.64 1031020109.72 1207.30 1097.58 2031020 63.40 0.00 −63.40 5031020 129.28 454.50325.22 6031020 101.49 0.00 −101.49 1042820 57.55 1285.48 1227.94 204142057.10 0.00 −57.10 5042820 47.69 326.02 278.33 6041420 107.22 642.49535.27 1051920 251.70 457.60 205.90 2042820 103.37 0.00 −103.37 505192095.10 3197.39 3102.29 6042820 80.78 875.78 795.00 2051920 94.06 1010.62916.57 6051920 166.93 2559.28 2392.35 Average 94.74 1082.5 987.75Average 93.58 467.61 374.02 Vehicle + Pro/BC PDT + Glu/INS + Pro/BCHamster # Day 0 Day 34 Difference Hamster # Day 0 Day 34 Difference3031020 59.99 0.00 −59.99 4031020 51.41 0.00 0.00 7031020 64.08 107.3443.27 8031020 94.05 0.00 −94.05 9031020 77.71 6884.61 6806.90 1003102094.90 453.65 358.76 11031020 47.66 2165.22 2117.56 12031020 75.23 0.00−75.23 3041420 10.12 42.26 32.14 4041420 89.17 0.00 −89.17 7041420100.16 1744.99 1644.84 8041420 87.27 0.00 −87.27 9041420 61.89 441.89380.00 10041420 119.32 52.46 −66.86 11041420 92.87 356.61 263.7412041420 107.81 337.85 230.03 Average 64.31 1467.87 1403.56 Average89.89 105.50 22.03

FIG. 6 is a chart a chart of Example 12 illustrating in vivo HamsterPancreatic Cancer Metabolic Modulation plus Neuroendocrine ResettingTherapy plus BA-PDT at 11.25 mg/kg at 130 mW^(˜)J/cm² 5 hours afterinfusion treatment and sacrificed 34 days later.

Animals bearing tumor are treated with BA-PDT as follows:

-   -   Administration of EtNBSI at 7.5-11.25 mg/kg body weight in an        acidified aqueous solution of 3-10% sucrose via intravenous        infusion of the EtNBSI solution, at a total infusion volume        equal to one-quarter of the animal's total blood volume at a        rate that creates a plasma BA T_(max) within about 10 to 360        minutes following termination of infusion, followed by a plasma        level less than about 50% of the T_(max) level within about 10        to 360 minutes following the initial T_(max) time.    -   Irradiation of the tumor mass within about 30 to 24 hours        following the termination of EtNBSI infusion with “red” light        (i.e., light with a wavelength between about 600 and 700 nm,        preferably >620 nm at 50-300 Mw/cm² and 50-300 J/cm².    -   Such treated animals demonstrate a superior PDT effect relative        to animals treated with either a more concentrated solution        (i.e., smaller volume) of the BA, or with a slower infusion time        of BA, or animals treated with BA in a manner that does not        produce the above described pharmacokinetic BA profile.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described inconjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoingdescription is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of theinvention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Otheraspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of thefollowing claims.

All patent applications, patents, and other publications cited hereinare incorporated by reference in their entireties.

1.-30. (canceled)
 31. A method of treating a malignant tumor in a subject, comprising administering glucose and insulin to the subject in need of such treatment to increase the plasma glucose and plasma insulin level of the subject by at least 10% above the basal plasma glucose and plasma insulin level of the subject, administering at least one BA to the subject and thereafter exposing the tumor to an actinic light.
 32. The method of claim 31 further comprising maintaining the increased plasma glucose level for a period of time beginning within 24 hours before and continuing to exposure to the actinic light.
 33. The method of claim 32 which comprises increasing the plasma glucose level of the subject by administering a high sugar or carbohydrate diet to the subject.
 34. The method of claim 31 comprising increasing the plasma glucose level of the subject by at least 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50% above the basal plasma glucose level of the subject.
 35. The method of claim 31 wherein the actinic light comprises light in the range of wavelength 600-700 nm.
 36. The method of claim 31 wherein the actinic light comprises laser light.
 37. The method of claim 31 wherein the actinic light delivers total light energy of between about 50 and about 500 Joules (J)/cm2.
 38. The method of claim 31 which comprises administering the BA at a rate that creates a plasma BA T_(max) of the BA within about 10-240 minutes
 39. The method of claim 31 wherein the subject is afflicted with metastatic cancer.
 40. The method of claim 31 which further comprises administering to the subject for a period of time beginning before BA administration until seven days after exposure to actinic light at least one of a dopamine receptor agonist or a prolactin stimulating compound at a time of day that effectuates an increase in brain dopaminergic activity that mimics the natural circadian peak of brain dopaminergic activity in healthy subjects or that effectuates an increase in plasma prolactin at a time of day that mimics the daily peak in plasma prolactin level in healthy individuals, respectively.
 41. The method of claim 40 further comprising raising the plasma glucose level of the subject by at least 50% above the basal plasma glucose level.
 42. The method of claim 40 further comprising raising the plasma insulin level of the subject by at least 50% above the basal plasma insulin level.
 43. The method of claim 40 further comprising raising each of the plasma insulin and plasma glucose levels by at least 50% above the basal plasma glucose and plasma insulin levels.
 44. The method of claim 31 which comprises increasing the plasma insulin level of the subject by at least 10 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45 or 50% above the basal plasma insulin level of the subject.
 45. The method of claim 31 which comprises maintaining the increased plasma insulin level until 180 minutes after exposure to actinic light. 